XXXIV . Thomé II de Sousa de Castello Branco Coutinho de Menezes, 2ème comte de Redondo, 10ème seigneur de Gouvea de Riba et de Tamega, seigneur de Serra, de Figueiro, dos Vinhos et de Pedrogao, grand alcalde de Villa Viçosa, de Portel, de Monte Alegre et de Souzel

34264 Thomé II de Sousa de Castello Branco Coutinho de Menezes, 2ème comte de Redondo, 10ème seigneur de Gouvea de Riba et de Tamega, seigneur de Serra, de Figueiro, dos Vinhos et de Pedrogao, grand alcalde de Villa Viçosa, de Portel, de Monte Alegre et de Souzel (free.fr)

magyar

comte de saint germain

violante

Filiation

23andme

I . Charibert, noble en Neustrie

hrabia saint germain

II . Chrodobertus I ( Robert I )

ferenc II Rakoczy

III . Lambert I ( Lantbertus I )

clausel

IV . Chrodobertus II ( Robert II )

george II Rakoczy

V . Lambert II, comte en Neustrie et Austrasie

françois II Rakoczy

VI . Rupert I ( Robert I ), duc à Haspengau

thomé de souza

VII . Thüringbert ( Thurinebertus )

hrabia saint germain

VIII . Rutpert II ( Hruodbertus II ), comte à Wormsgau et Oberrheingau

wanc

IX . Rutpert III, comte à Wormsgau et Oberrheingau

main droite cachée

X . Rutpert IV ( Robert I " le Fort " ), comte à Wormsgau et Oberrheingau

polska

XI . Robert I ( II ) de Paris et de France, comte de Poitiers, marquis de Neustrie et d' Orléans, comte de Paris, roi de France

XII . Hugues I " le Grand " duc de Neustrie, de Bourgogne et d' Aquitaine, comte de Paris, d' Orléans, de Vexin, du Mans…

XIII . Hugues I " Capet " de France, roi de France

XIV . Robert II " le Pieux " de France, roi de France

XV . Robert I " le Vieux " de France, prince de France, duc de Bourgogne

XVI . Henri " le Damoiseau de Bourgogne " de Bourgogne

XVII . Henri ( Henrique ) de Bourgogne, comte de Portugal

XVIII . Alphonse I ( Affonso I ) " le Conquérant " de Portugal, comte puis roi de Portugal

XIX . Sancho I Martino " le Populaire " de Portugal, roi de Portugal et des Algarves

XX . Alphonse II " le Gros " ( Affonso II " o Gordo " ) de Portugal, roi de Portugal et des Algarves

XXI . Alphonse III " le Restaurateur " ( Affonso III " o Restaurador " ) de Portugal, roi de Portugal et des Algarves

XXII . Martim Affonso I " Chicorro " bâtard de Portugal, gouverneur de Chaves

XXIII . Martim Affonso II de Sousa-Chicorro, seigneur de Lalim

XXIV . Vasco Martims ( Miz ) de Sousa-Chicorro, 1er seigneur de Mortagua

XXV . Martim Affonso III de Sousa, 2ème seigneur de Mortagua

XXVI . Martim Affonso IV de Sousa, légitimé, 4ème seigneur de Mortagua

XXVII . Fernao I de Sousa, 1er seigneur de Gouvea

XXVIII . Antonio de Sousa, 3ème seigneur de Gouvea

XXIX . Fernao II de Sousa, 4ème seigneur de Gouvea

XXX . Martim V Affonso de Sousa, 5ème seigneur de Gouvea

XXXI . Fernao III de Sousa, 6ème seigneur de Gouvea

XXXII . Thomé I de Sousa, 8ème seigneur de Gouvea

XXXIII . Fernao IV de Sousa de Castello Branco Coutinho e Menezes, 1er comte de Redondo, 9ème seigneur de Gouvea

Dynastie

Capétiens

Maison

Maison royale de Portugal

Famille ( s ) souveraine ( s )

Branche

Maison de Bourgogne

Ligne

Maison de Sousa-Chicorro

Rameau

Seigneurs de Gouvea, Comtes de Redondo

Nom

Sousa de Castello Branco Coutinho de Menezes ( de )

Prénom ( s )

Thomé II

Sexe

Masculin

Titre ( s )

1707 2ème comte de Redondo 10ème seigneur de Gouvea de Riba et de Tamega seigneur de Serra, de Figueiro, dos Vinhos et de Pedrogao grand alcalde de Villa Viçosa de Portel de Monte Alegre et de Souzel

Père

XXXIII . Fernao IV de Sousa de Castello Branco Coutinho e Menezes, 1er comte de Redondo, 9ème seigneur de Gouvea de Riba et de Tamega, grand alcalde de Monte Alegre, de Piconha, de Portel, de Souzel et de Villa Viçosa, commandeur de l' Ordre du Christ, précepteur ( Hofmeister ) à la Cour de Portugal, capitaine-général portugais

Mère

Luiza ( ou Luisa ) Simoa de Portugal da Sylveira ( ou de Portugal da Sylveira Lobo ), ( Capétienne )

Né ( e )

Baptisé ( e )

20 septembre 1677 à Lisbonne

Fiancé ( e )

Marié ( e )

A. 29 octobre 1695 ( à Lisbonne ) Magdalena de Noronha, décédée le 29 décembre 1707 ( à Lisbonne ), fille de Marcos de Noronha, 4ème comte de Arcos

B. 10 janvier 1714 ( à Lisbonne ) Margarida de Vilhena de Ataide, fille de Jeronymo de Ataide, 9ème comte de Atouguia, et de Marianna de Tavora

Décédé ( e )

6 mars 1717 ( à Lisbonne )

Inhumé ( e )

Enfant ( s ) légitime ( s )

A. de Magdalena de Noronha

5. Maria Joaquima, nonne à Lisbonne

6. Josefa

B. de Margarida de Vilhena de Ataide

7. Ana Xavier

8. Ignez Leonor Xavier

9. Fernando V, 3ème comte de Redondo, 11ème seigneur de Gouvea de Riba et de Tamega, seigneur de Serra, de Figueiro, dos Vinhos et de Pedrogao

Enfant ( s ) naturel ( s )

Source ( s ) et Remarque ( s )

Europäische Stammtafeln III tableau 476

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Retour à la page Génération

Tomé de Sousa

Biographie

^Naissance

1503

Rates (en)

^Décès

1579

Royaume de Portugal

^Activités

^{Homme politique}^,^militaire

^Enfant

Garcia d'Ávila (d)

modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata

Tomé de Sousa (en orthographe archaïque Thomé de Souza) (né en 1503 à Rates (freguesia de Sousa (Felgueiras) — mort en 1579) est un important militaire et homme politique portugais.

Biographie[modifier | modifier le code]

Apparenté à la maison royale, d'une famille établie dans la cosmopolite Lisbonne de l'époque. Le fidalgo portugais laissa derrière lui amis, sécurité et confort pour s'aventurer sur une terre sauvage et inconnue où beaucoup déjà ont perdu la vie, victimes d'étranges maladies et, plus rarement, des indigènes.

Sa mission : fonder une ville fortifiée dans la région de Bahia, afin d’assurer la domination portugaise sur tout le littoral brésilien alors menacé par des trafiquants français et espagnols ; mais aussi apporter l'appui militaire nécessaire aux provinces données par le roi aux colons, les capitanias hereditárias, contre les invasions et attaques indiennes.

Le 7 janvier 1549, Tomé de Sousa est nommé gouverneur général de la province de Bahia et de toutes les autres grâce à ses liens de parenté avec Martim Afonso de Sousa, ami d’enfance du roi Jean III de Portugal. Accompagné des premiers missionnaires jésuites au Brésil dirigés par Manuel da Nóbrega, il part du Portugal le 2 février 1549¹. Ils arrivent au Brésil le 27 mars de la même année et fondent la ville de Salvador. Elle fut construite et inaugurée le jour de la Toussaint.

Tomé de Sousa avait amené avec lui un document important sur lequel étaient inscrits ses droits et devoirs de gouverneur général tels que défendre le territoire, entrer en contact avec les indigènes et tenter de les évangéliser, explorer le sertão, ou encore veiller aux intérêts économiques de la couronne. Il eut quelques difficultés à installer son gouvernement et entra dans une lutte administrative pour la reconnaissance de son pouvoir.

Son mandat prit fin en 1553 et il quitta le Brésil.

Notes et références[modifier | modifier le code]

1. ↑ Jean Amsler, La Renaissance (1415-1600), tome II de Histoire Universelle des Explorations publiée sous la direction de L.-H. Parias, Paris, Nouvelle Librairie de France, 1957, p. 347

Liens externes

Tomé de Sousa, also spelled Thomé De Souza, (born c. 1515—died 1573), Portuguese nobleman and soldier who became the first governor-general (1549–53) of the Portuguese colony of Brazil.

After military service in Africa and India, Sousa led a 1,000-man expedition to Brazil, where he built the fortified capital of Salvador. He assisted the Jesuits in converting the native population and helped to reestablish the king’s authority throughout the colony. In 1552 he recommended Rio de Janeiro as a site for settlement and fortification. Sousa returned to Portugal in 1553 and spent his remaining years as the king’s adviser on Brazilian affairs.

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governor-general, official set over a number of other officers, each of whom holds the title of governor or lieutenant governor. An alternative term sometimes used is governor in chief. The office has been used by most colonial powers but is perhaps best known among the countries of the Commonwealth.

In British constitutional practice, the powers of a governor-general, like those of a governor, must be derived either from a commission granted by the crown or from some other statute of either imperial or local legislation. In the case of dependent territories, the title governor-general is now usually restricted to federations. During the evolution of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations, the status and function of the office of governor-general underwent changes corresponding to the progress of territories toward self-government and independence. These changes were of the same character as those in the status and functions of governor from the time of the earliest colonies to the 20th century, in which local legislatures developed from official and nominated bodies into elected bodies with full autonomy.

By 1890 it had become the practice that the government of a self-governing colony should be asked to approve the selection of the governor made by the British government. When the Irish Free State was created in 1922, a further advance was made, for the governor-general was chosen by the Free State government and approved only by the crown. The representative of the crown in Ireland had previously held the rank of viceroy, but the Government of Ireland Act of 1920 constituted the office of governor-general for the Irish Free State and that of governor for Northern Ireland. The former office was created for the Irish Free State because it had dominion status.

In 1926, in the course of developing events in Canada, it was decided that the functions of the governor-general should be limited to representation of the crown, unless any dominion preferred that the governor-general should also perform any functions on behalf of the British government. In 1930 the Imperial Conference declared that appointment of a governor-general should rest on the authority of the Commonwealth nation concerned. This development resulted in some Commonwealth countries appointing their own citizens to the office. The conference concluded that the following statements flowed naturally from the governor-general’s new position: the parties interested in the appointment are the crown and the dominion concerned; the constitutional practice that the crown acts on the advice of responsible ministers applies; the ministers who tender advice and are responsible for it are those in the dominion concerned; they tender formal advice after informal consultation with the crown; and the channel of communications between the crown and any dominion government solely concerns the crown and such government.

In 1932 the Irish Free State asserted successfully its right to remove a governor-general who was persona non grata. This revealed the difference between the position of the governor-general and that of the crown, for it showed that the former held office only at the pleasure of the government of the day. In the exceptional constitutional position of the former Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (now Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi), the position of governor-general was similar to that in an independent Commonwealth country. The governor-general there was authorized to act contrary to ministerial advice or without it. In practice, ministerial advice was typically heeded, unless it conflicted with instructions given by the crown or unless the governor-general considered it worth the risk of causing the ministers to resign.

Warren Hastings, oil painting by Tilly Kettle; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.

In India the evolution of the office of governor-general was slightly different. In accordance with the provisions of the Regulating Act of 1773, Warren Hastings became the first governor-general. When the rule of the East India Company came to an end and authority passed to the British crown, Charles John Canning, the first governor-general of the imperial government, received also the title of viceroy. The holder of the office was generally known by that title until the Indian Independence Act of 1947, which established the offices of governor-general for India and for Pakistan. The filling of these posts necessitated a departure from normal practice because there could be no ministers to formally advise the crown until a governor-general had been appointed and ministers had taken office. In these circumstances the leaders of the Congress Party and the Muslim League were consulted, and their advice was formally tendered to the crown by the British government.

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A similar process was followed in the case of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1948 and Ghana in 1957. As territories under British rule became independent republics, the crown was recognized as head of the Commonwealth. The office of governor-general was often replaced with a locally elected head of state, typically a president. In the case of Malaya, which became an independent country in 1957 (and in 1963 merged with other states to form Malaysia), a limited monarchy was created.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Ray.

Salvador

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Salvador

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Also known as: Bahia, São Salvador

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Last Updated: Aug 3, 2023 • Article History

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Salvador, Brazil

Skyline of Salvador, Brazil

Salvador, also called São Salvador or Bahia, city, major port, and capital (since 1889) of Bahia estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is the country’s third largest city. Salvador is situated at the southern tip of a picturesque, bluff-formed peninsula that separates Todos os Santos (All Saints) Bay, a deep natural harbour, from the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a hot tropical climate, with a cooler rainy season during the winter months (June–August); ocean breezes, especially on the Atlantic side, tend to moderate temperatures. Pop. (2022) 2,610,987; metro. area, 3,458,571.

History

One of the country’s oldest cities, Salvador was founded in 1549 as the capital of the Portuguese colony of Brazil by Tomé de Sousa, the first governor-general. As the entrepôt of the thriving sugar trade that developed along the bay shores, the city soon became a tempting prize for pirates and enemies of Portugal. It was captured by Dutch forces in 1624 but was retaken the following year. It remained under Portuguese control for the next two centuries. Salvador was the last Portuguese stronghold during the war for Brazilian independence, holding out until July 1823, when the last Portuguese troops were expelled. A monument commemorating the Brazilian victory is in a plaza in the Campo Grande district.

Salvador was a major centre for the African slave trade in the colonial period. Muslim African slaves in the city staged a widespread revolt there in 1835. Salvador still has one of the largest concentrations of black and mulatto populations in Brazil. Those groups have contributed many of the folkways, costumes, and distinctive foods for which the city is noted.

In 1763, following the transfer of the colonial seat of government to Rio de Janeiro, Salvador lost political preeminence and entered a long period of economic decline from which it did not emerge until after 1900. Since 1940, however, Salvador has experienced continuous and rapid population growth, accompanied by significant economic expansion, reflected in extensive public works and private construction. In the early 1970s the nearby Aratu Industrial Centre and the Camacari petrochemical complex were built and linked to Salvador by highway. The first terminal of a deepwater port was opened in 1975, and additional facilities were subsequently built.

The contemporary city

Salvador, Brazil

Imports consist chiefly of manufactured goods, while exports include tobacco, sugar, sisal, hides, castor beans, aluminum, iron ore, and petroleum from the nearby Candeias oil field. Food and tobacco processing, textile, ceramics, and automobile manufacturing, chemical production, metallurgy, woodworking and leatherworking, and shipbuilding and repair are Salvador’s main industries. The port of Salvador is one of the finest in Brazil and includes a yacht harbour. Salvador is well served by domestic and foreign shipping lines and airlines, and there are rail and bus connections with central and southern Brazil. An international airport is located about 12 miles (20 km) northeast of the city centre. Tourism, based on the city’s historic sites and the fine beaches that ring it on three sides, has become a significant component of the economy.

Todos os Santos Bay

A distinctive feature of Salvador is its division into lower (cidade baixa) and upper (cidade alta) parts. The port, commercial district, and adjoining residential zones lie at the foot of a cliff on a low shelf of land facing west onto the bay, only a few feet above sea level. The principal shopping districts, state and municipal government offices, and leading residential areas are on the upper level, extending northward for several miles and eastward to the Atlantic shore. In addition, most of the city’s historic sights are near the edge of the upper city. The old city centre, the Pelourinho (“Pillory”), was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985. The area underwent considerable restoration work in the 1990s, and many colonial-era buildings were preserved. The upper and lower sections are connected by a few graded winding roads, a funicular railway, and several elevators. The Lacerda elevator, an outstanding landmark, is the chief link, lifting passengers 234 feet (71 metres) between the separate streetcar systems.

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former home of Brazilian writer Jorge Amado

The city is a national cultural centre, famed for the beauty of its many Baroque colonial churches, especially the church of the convent of the Third Order of St. Francis (1701). Salvador’s cardinal is the spiritual leader of Brazil’s Roman Catholic church. There are also notable examples of colonial secular architecture, including the Barra lighthouse at the Atlantic tip of the peninsula and many 17th-century forts. Salvador is the seat of the Federal University of Bahia (1946) and the Catholic University of Salvador (1961). There are several museums, including one displaying sacred art in the monastery of Santa Tereza. The former home of writer Jorge Amado in the Pelourinho district has been preserved as a museum and an archive of his works. The city’s pre-Lenten Carnival attracts large crowds annually.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica